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• The paleomagnetically determined paleolatitude of the Rosemary paleosol during the middle Devonian was about 40° ± 14° (18 ).
• It is based on the following observations: (i) different regions in the oceans subside like BL until different flattening ages, some as old as 170 Ma (49 ); (ii) depth and heat flow in some old basins behave like BL but with an effective thermal age t e, which is younger than the (paleomagnetically determined) actual age t m (50 ); (iii) effective elastic lithosphere thicknesses under some intraplate volcanoes suggest that hot spots produce a "thermal rejuvenation," reducing t e (51 ); (iv) the depths and subsidence of hot spot swells suggest that many swells reduce t e to the same value (52 ); and (v) on old lithosphere, it is hard to find areas that have not been near hot spots (53 ).
• Numerical predictions based on realistic viscoelastic Earth models and paleomagnetically constrained polar motion yield global-scale, differential sea-level trends that can be as large as ~200 meters.
• Estimates of this time interval are based on the assumption that the K-T clay was deposited at the same rate as the clay fraction in the surrounding paleomagnetically dated limestones [e.g., (8 )]; this assumption is questionable during such a turbulent period.