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• In macaques, baboons and chimpanzees, dystocia because of breech birth is the commonest category of fetal death.[...]Breech dystocia is rarely a problem for mother or neonates in small, multitocus species like marmosets and tamarins.
• Dystocia is defined as difficult delivery. Pelvic dystocia is due to aberrations of the pelvic architecture and its relationship to the presenting fetal part.[...]Fetal dystocia may be due to excessive fetal size from gestational diabetes or congenital anomalies.
• Although fetal dystocias are sometimes relieved by manipulation and instrumentation, cesarean sections are often the only practical methods of treatment.
• It is an appropriate way to allow resolution of the dystocia, after clearing the airway and checking for a nuchal cord.
• The prevailing thinking is that the time window in which to resolve a shoulder dystocia before asphyxial insult (not injury) is about 4 minutes.